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Papini, references

According to economic cycles analyzed at the time by Keynes, Schumpeter subsequently, offer glimpses of the nature of the system consists of ups and downs of the different variables that describe it and turn it up. Several decades ago, in the early twentieth century, Lenin studied the anomalies of capitalism is that the natural state of this mode of production, in other words turning their origin [1] described as the consequence and conclusion back to the same state or natural origin, ie, the top marginal contradicted by the very contradiction.

Given the asymmetry of processes and institutions regimes of both state and market have established a single directive: capital accumulation, hence deriving the concepts of competitiveness, productivity, economies of scale, comparative advantages, income concentration and monopoly. When the story is close to the levels of accumulation of capital, two things happen: either increase the usefulness of the technology or increases farm surplus of being of Being, but never economic democracy.

Lenin (1920) predicts the clumping of rent when the market only a few countries and large companies in their economies, known as oligopolies. The free market does not allow the accelerated processes of capital accumulation, hence alienates the monopoly system and agencies such as the cartel or trust, however, is in a free market where they have thrived. The concentration of production, he regards the monopoly or say Kautsky, "the reactionary ideal" as part of the bourgeois logic, as a consequence, the export of capital and the increase in production to which they can compete on price and policy.

intermediaries to accelerate the cumulative processes, are the banks whose influence is monetary investments and changes in interest rates, these variables play the most important trigger for the same integration and economic doctrine positivism and pragmatism of the financial market or speculative imagination, which will give rise to a neglect of real market, or to use the real market as a means to detonate the money market.

In this instance, when the different actors in incidence are related to each other, man is replaced by "benefits" of competitiveness and market strategies and trade policy, as diversification of technologies, social communications and thoughts, will contribute to "the labor force is transmitted" (Lenin, 1987) at international levels. This brings the effect of extending of economic models and the contemplation of exogenous variables translated as if the development is a function, or as he calls neo-classical logic: the labor market, but the essence is the international transferability of goodwill and the alienation of labor in terms of persuasion of the system, it has been awarded part of the development.

Similarly, other factors of production such as technology glimpsed the acceleration of capital accumulation or control of production, which would cause economic and financial channels in the basic structure of capitalism, because the marginal returns economies of scale are becoming more dynamic and changes in financial markets are more volatile, not excluding the economic and foreign policies, or are the stars of the exclusion of developing countries, or are indentured to the marginalization of same countries that share the world as well as their cyclical associations, born "the struggle for economic territory "(Lenin, 1920).

Lenin refers to the new processes of financial capital, is the driving force accelerating mode of production, leading to end of the bottleneck, while its consistency persists, the levels of reconfiguration also expire in the very marginality of their own analysis. The grouping tendencies which share the power scheme breaks all classical economic theory, as a spokesperson for the perfect information and the invisible hand, that through the individualism and selfishness can achieve maximum benefit. Utilitarianism has increased economic cycles, making them ever smaller.

The current financial crisis brings to mind Lenin's imperialism as an eschatological element to the proximity of systemic elemental composition of capitalism, the chaos of this method of production mentioned Lenin, is only the beginning of the slow construct, a new paradigm close to the assertion of the significance of the human being developed and put together by their existence.

Notes

[1] The inflection is a historical-sociological term that explains the emergence of a structure according to the contradiction of the previous structures to the new structure. It is part of the argument of "contradiction" or the same Marxist dialectic

References

Lenin, VI (1987). Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Mexico: Ediciones Quinto Sol

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Lenin International Economics and the neoclassical paradigm (Part I )

From Adam Smith to Paul Krugman, the issue of the international economy has been a cornerstone in economic doctrine. Analyzed in depth by the neoclassical trend, which sets out a series of arguments based on the design of quantitative models for analysis of "optimal" and "efficient." The international economy under this paradigm examines how are conducted trade relations of nations or blocs of economic integration, as well as the procedures for obtaining the expected performance and above all, achieve the goal of global economic development.

However, neoclassical theory has been dysfunctional, and that there is a contrast between theory and reality, which makes a wide gap between what we think and what you do not what suits the majority, reducing power circles shrinking throughout the world.

Adam Smith, the international economy contributed to different concepts, based on liberalism time and the influence of Quesnay Physiocrat took over everything. Among one of the concepts provided by this economist stressed the absolute advantage that explains the different possibilities of trade with two countries with respect to the exploitation of the good or service (Berube, 2002). Countries should focus its production of low cost goods in respect of other goods and services, this represents a greater specialization of labor in the new division of the same, achieving symmetry in trade relations between nations. Absolute advantage explained simply in his major work Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (Smith, 2005)

However, this concept is not applicable in certain cases. Some countries have absolute advantage in all its market compared to other countries with total absolute disadvantage. This is where David Ricardo highlights its disintegration with Smith, thus establishing one of the guiding principles of economic theory: comparative advantage, as Ricardo decided how two different nations or uneven production, interact with each other and can both benefit international trade. (Bengochea, et al, 2002)

This is consistent, applying liberalism internationally, to extend processes capital accumulation. Ricardo's analysis was supplemented later in the classical reconfiguration of the economy, with thinkers such as Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall himself, including marginal analysis explained by Menger, Walras and Jevons, [1] putting an emphasis on demand analysis , and breaking the dominance of Jean Baptiste Say, the greatest economist of the time along with David Ricardo. (Roll, 2003)

is important to note that the constant of ceterius paribus, and the focus of the exchange of two nations on certain property, under certain conditions achieve perfect symmetry of the terms of trade. The new power relationships change as the kind of centralization of capital, but with the inclusion of more technology, expertise and efficiency, in this way raises another reconstruction of bourgeois social class-oriented economic assessment of psychological and financial capital. (Landreth and Colander, 2006)

international trade restrictions, according to neoclassical satisfaction do not benefit society. Part of the analysis of this trend is to expose humans as a mere consumer undifferentiated to establish trade barriers in international markets, consumers are not able to satisfy their needs be they real or imaginary.

indifference curves lie in an imaginary representation of satisfaction: greater satisfaction, less need and greater well-being, this is referred to in neoclassical enforcement about the tariff, due to higher domestic prices, these also increase with increasing consumption gaps, gaining less than the product that satisfies a desire or need for society, restricting trade and welfare (demand for international goods.) Moreover domestic producers are benefiting in the short term, however this causes the increased costs and lack of international competitiveness at a given time, coupled with the loss of consumption (not welfare) and the increased costs that would restrict further protection [2] (Carbaugh, 2004).

Yes

the developing nations in trade policy based on growth from within and fiscal policies in the same trade restrictions are susceptible to oligarchic repression of national economic concentrates on the otherwise developed nations will increase the cost of living, something hidden in part because trade policy is based on the impoverishment of the neighbor (developing countries) while the domestic supply although injured, is constant. This means that protectionism neoclassical logic is only valid as long as the developed nation it is applied, while the peripheral countries should be subject to the liberalization of their economies, both with the insignia of social welfare based on utilitarianism or undifferentiated consumption. All kinds of international relations will be subject to the political position of a nation and the effect of satisfaction of a society.

Neoclassical theory has not solved the dilemma of relations of power and concentration of the accumulation of capital in international negotiations, and that the same free market, as mentioned Lenin (1917), has made it the well-being, but of those who have taken advantage of economies of scale and state strategy financial coercive and reactionary, leading to unequal benefits, whose tendency is that comparative advantages are of such gaps wider than a country to appropriate the "minimal comparative advantage", this can be neither an advantage nor a trade equitable.

Post

Ricardo and neoclassical, the Swedish economist Ohlin, solve certain questions raised earlier in economic theory, making some specific clarifications in the international economy. First, note that there is a proportional relationship of nations, according to the factors of production that best know how to handle or are abundant, for example, there are nations where capital is abundant and could be specialized technology and in other countries , the factor would be the labor or workforce, both can be competitive and focus to produce goods and services based on the abundant factor and it represents a lower cost, this is known as the "endowment of factors." (Ossa, 2002)

In one of his most important works, "foreign trade and trade policy" (1926), Ohlin analyzes the dynamic equilibrium of prices in an open economy given by the exchange of capital, which modifies the structure of domestic prices and terms of trade of exporting and importing nations, as applicable.

Something interesting

Ohlin, Meade subsequently analyzed were the change control mechanisms, which explain how a nation that has given abundant factor and produces the same good, given its factor, may end up exporting the goods imported and importing the rather than exports, because the mechanisms of international market prices, mismatches of internal trade balances and the game of the factors. However, these changes also relate to historical behavior of business cycles. (Bhagwati, 1972)

This type of analysis presents scenarios where nations exchanged without trade restrictions. The neoclassical and neo-classical post, usually have a reduced reality to the model to analyze the trend of all in terms of variables that explain under certain perception of it. Phenomena such as the exacerbation of global poverty, polarization of developed nations and peripheral capital accumulation in a minority class, subject to such international structural policies, and the dehumanization of the global economy in the last century clearly shows that the neoclassical model does not represents reality or reality is a small class.

In terms of the international economy, the relative differences in the factors, the foundations of trade and absolute match their actual practice, in other words, there is fair trade as long as there is first a Unlike the production factors for a country to another, and second coincidence of needs of these factors by both nations. Ohlin model, enables us to understand that these factors relative differences tend to disappear according to changes in prices and trading conditions, it assumes the following:

a relatively developed nation by the technological capital, may not be in the course of the game dynamic and historical cycles, as itself a developing nation may not, by the labor capital .

What happens when a great nation has advantage in both capital factors such as skilled labor force? When this country that is supposed to be industrialized and use their expertise in this case factors other than low, its production process will require only factors that abound in countries peripherals, such as cheap labor, giving a double advantage. Leontief to note that exports from the industrialized nations use a lot of cheap labor and no specialized abundant factor, explains the internal contradictions of these countries highly capitalized in terms of Ohlin what is not possible. Linder subsequently complemented this logic with an interesting explanation, arguing that only large, industrialized nations exchange goods provided they maintain a match demand or income levels are similar, ie when the factors of production of its competitive advantages match each other, so there is symmetry in international trade, being logical that have similar characteristics as those observed by Leontief on the various interactions and changes of factors. (Op cit, Carbaugh, 2004).

Trade restrictions tend to be normal if you want to achieve maximum benefit and not just lies in the taxation of fees, sworn enemies of free market and desfronterialización. It is valid to recognize the existence of unfair competition such as dumping practices, which are the main causes of global imbalances in trade.

Notes

[1] The marginal theory is psychological principles of market economy, to explain the theory of value from a purely subjective weighting each individual value given to the utility of consumption of a particular satisfier. Some concepts developed by Walras, Manger, Jevons, Bon Bawerk, etc., Are: marginal utility, indifference curves, etc. Subsequently, this doctrine was embraced by the neo-classical, hence some considerations on the partial equilibrium economic dynamics, quantitative theory economy, demand dominance etc.

[2] If it is a great nation that would restrict the export supply is constant but absorb the cost of the tariff, if the nation is small, so regulate the cost is absorbed by the consumer for the increase in domestic relative prices and producers are benefited by centralizing domestic consumption although the long-term competitiveness will be poor and inefficient in the international arena. See Carbaugh, Robert (2004). International Economics. Mexico: Thomson.

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International Economics and the neoclassical paradigm (Part II)

is common to find the next question in the free market preachers, followers of the school Kaustky Does neoclassical theory of international trade, is the cause that government policy, culture, society and business action behave according to the concentrations of class power, conscience consumption and predation of man and the environment? This refers to the performance of the theory and that such performance is not responsible for the interests of its application, in other words, this question leads to a conclusion: "the theory is correct, the application does." This euphemism for deceit, the prerogative of personal interest and the linkage of oligopoly power, justified in response positively or negatively, anarchy, subjectivity and the dehumanization of the system and model.

Keynes (1936), mentioned the matter: "if the free market work, there would simply poor." The idea of \u200b\u200bliberalism has been elevated to ideology as Kessinger (1984) and has fallen into a positivist dogma, elevating and praising a model but actually serves to locate, this location of the reality of the model has not been estimated if you want to an existing reality, therefore the theoretical formulation will remain no more than the set of variables, and reordering the chaos that is converted into an ideology: unconscious by the majority and cynical by some minorities. The free market has not worked because it was not implemented well, but even if it is implemented well (refer to U.S. history), it did not work that tends to concentrate capital selfish.

neoclassical doctrine, is a major loophole in Samuelson and interesting study on international trade by analyzing the factors of production of the nations in exchange processes by time intervals, in a dynamic and static, This analysis is known as Stolper-Samuelson theorem, returning the balance of chemical Gibbs, whose analytical structure is applied to the economy, in the famous thermodynamics of the same on the balance of economic systems.

The review of Samuelson, methodological and analytical, he helped shape the frontier of production possibilities, which together with the study of aggregates (a combination of Keynesian and neoclassical) could contribute to the axioms now studied in various universities in the world .

Rupture of real markets in the international economy, raised by some crisis in 1929, 1933, caused a particular emphasis on international economic policy of the flows of financial markets. This market was driven by the creation of international bodies like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank (Ossa, 2002). Everything indicates that Lenin (1917) was correct in his analysis of imperialism, saying that economics realized from the reductions occurred at intervals of history that its logical system would not beyond the banks or financial institutions .

The neoclassical, starts a trend to opt for cash, claiming the management of the IS-LM [1], and give more to the suppression of state intervention in the economy. Now the market is what makes the coercion and the right of all financial transactions, this means cutting a reconfiguration including Keynesian, given the monetary market, is used for economic, monetary and fiscal stabilization capital flows.

Friedman and Hayek [2] (1965, 1972, 1980), provide a new paradigm for the economy, that as a result of a seemingly outdated Keynesian model and social discomfort caused a reactionary state. Now the trend was to reduce their participation in economic policy, taking up references as the neoclassical theory and criticism of the Keynesian welfare model, the new variables would be managed economic liberalization, consumption as well shaft, the monetary structure, reduced inflation, among others. The international economy is reconfigured into their business processes and geopolitical changes that occurred with the new structural trend of the phenomenon of globalization, issues such as exchange rate, equilibrium interest rates worldwide economic integration and structural adjustment policies between the different processes of economic growth asymmetrical shape reality concocted by the turning point of historical change in what we know as neoliberalism.

Keynesian multiplier effect, it just took up a new application of increasing and decreasing returns, as part of the logic of liquidity and solvency of firms as a result of this the international trade underwent a significant change and cost in terms nominal value: the tendency of the market regardless of the trade balance and the production of goods and services as part of the analysis of the models, which deals with new operators, for instance, the inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange , the derivatives market, etc. (Kolwalczyk, 1992)

monetary policy and fiscal policy, should be prosecuted to the stabilization and economic liberalization, in order to rebuild the comparative and competitive advantages of different nations and multinational (Jones, 1967). Politics is not more than subversion of the ideology of the linkage of the power of private property or consortia oligopolistic imperfect competition in the various activities of the productive sphere. The speculation comes as a tool inherent volatility of financial capital, establishing a guiding principle: the optimal Pareto (partial equilibrium) in the financial markets, achieve higher levels of stability, liquidity and immediate recovery of the business cycle in economies level, encouraging capital investment by non-state intervention. (Williamson, 1985)

analysis of Stiglitz (1995), refers to levels of financial market information, will produce some fluctuations. This is applied to those international agencies involved in global policies on financing and economic recovery plans, especially to developing countries or simply not have benefited from their competitive advantage, much less satisfaction levels their basic needs, verbigracia Latin America and Africa.

J. Stiglitz, explores possible monetary unions as part of the integration of the new geopolitics, however critical of all these bodies in view of his position of service to the U.S. and not that of developing countries. The Greenwald-Stiglitz theorem, explains how a government should not make its action with the potential market failures, but first, to establish market failures as a standard and second to find the efficiency of state enterprises for their competitiveness , achieving budget balance with so-called rational expectations [4].

The Economist also analyzes the processes holistically of contradiction in the international economy, with a more political and sociological, where the panacea to market imbalances is the state. And not a Hobbesian leviathan whose institutions or are monarchical (pure state) or anarchic (subject to liberalism), but rather to achieve proximity to civil society, all political equation subject to the criticism of the new world order. He also mentions that the asymmetry of information is the product of the nature of origin and purpose of the capitalist system, since that is one of the reasons why you will never achieve social justice, much less the Pareto optimal outcomes, and "the invisible hand does not guide or the individuals or companies, who seek their own interest-to the economic efficiency "(Sitiglitz, 2003). International trade has exactly this feature, where the factors are prey to predatory competition, noting that one of these agents is the labor force (the society), the asymmetry is reflected even in the social relations of production, analyzed at the time by Karl Marx.

The development of contemporary neoclassical paradigm is also presented by Mundell and Fleming [4], continuing dialectics the very thought of this doctrine. Based on an equation such as Keynesian IS-LM curves, developed by Hicks ever try to analyze the levels of impact of changes in exchange rate levels and interest rates income of a nation open economy where capital markets and real, that is, financial markets and productive. Unlike Hicks equation, variables are added to the trade balance, in order to analyze the way the government affects the efficiency of an open economy, in other words to adjust fiscal and monetary policy to achieve balance and welfare in terms of international trade both markets.

Mundell (2002) considers that the State is serious actor on politics to ensure not only international trade, if not elevated to an ideal of economic integration and transfer of capital to the argument of the monetary union, which is why this economist has been a frequent precursor of the euro. This new neoclassical approach (with Keynesian recognition) offers a new global course of the same national and international agencies that monitor the economic, monetary and fiscal policies. (Central banks and international organizations, governments, etc..) (Blanchard, 2006).

Some limitations of the Mundell-Fleming model is, as Martha says Bengoa Calvo (2006): the contradiction that exists in the handling of the price elasticity of demand for exports and imports in the short and long term, since in the short run elasticity is less than unity, the opposite effect in the long run, breaking the restriction proposed by Fleming, the second limitation is that not "consider the budget constraints of an economy "and the third point relates to, but provides for changes in real exchange rates does not take into account the expectations of exchange rates at deadlines.

Note that reconfiguration of the system as they occur and gaps of inequality and poverty increase, the neoclassical paradigm presented in the first instance a defense against Keynesianism and then an alliance of an empirical and political, this is indicative of the uncertainty of their ideology, thus explaining the development of their models

Currently, there is another vision of the international economy , represented by Paul Krugman, this Economist breaks with the neoclassical, the study at the basis of observations that occur in the envelope and information of the factors, the behavior of the inputs, the contradictions of laissez faire, etc. Check the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and mentions that only nations with similar economies manage transfers of capital and the set of mechanisms for the allocation of factors, adding an analysis similar to Fleming on real exchange rates and nominal specific periods . It also analyzes how nations in exercises like trade, share a symmetric information exchange.

The physical characteristics of the countries that trade with each part of the international business processes, in contrast to the wealth of nations Smith, Krugman suggests the union of space and fiscal-monetary policy, as part of the economic and geographic expansion of a nation. Contradicts the neoliberal argument for the creation of competitive and comparative advantages of some countries are based on salary reduction as an essential part of the economies of scale, low inflation rates, and variable implementation of technology as panacea economic contractions and promotion growth. (Krugman, 1996)

Notes

[1] The IS-LM model, consider the analysis of aggregate demand in relation to the money market. While the IS curve shows the movements of interest rates and their impact on investment levels, the LM curve shows the changes in aggregate money supply and its impact on income levels. See Spot, T. "IS-LM Model: The Basics. Department of Applied Economics, University of Alcalá. Retrieved March 15, 2009, online: http://www2.uah.es/economia_aplicada/POL_ECO/mancha/modelo% 20is-lm.pdf

[2] Founders of neoliberalism. Friedman's main works are: Capitalism and Freedom, monetarist economics, essays on positive economics, freedom of choice: towards a new economic liberalism, etc. For his part, Hayek, has important works such as monetary theory and the business cycle, the pure theory of capital, and economic individualism, capitalism and historians, etc.

[3] rational expectations theory is that actors in the economy adjust their decisions in the consideration of evolution or trend this information. Is the estimated future macroeconomic variables such as inflation, interest rate, exchange rate, etc., Which can alter the direction of the economy. Ie, the state uses "rational expectations" to adjust your budget based on this information for future planning based on their needs.

[4] The Mundell-Fleming model of the international economy lies in the real market equilibrium (IS) and non-production market (LM) in relation to the stability of interest rates, national income and the exchange rate movement as the main factor of first two. The function of this model is: (IS), where Y = aggregate income, C = consumption, I = Investment, G = procurement, XN = Trade balance, YT = disposable income, and e = r = interest rate. And finally, the equation that makes up the (LM) is:, where M / P = a supply of real money balances, L (r, y) = the aggregate demand in the economy. The state plays an important role, because its action is directly related to "M" and "G".

References (both parties)

1. Bengoa, M, (2006), The Mundell, Fleming, Department of Economics, University of Cantabria.

2. Bhagwati, J. 1972. The Herckcer-Ohlin theorem in the multi-commodity case. In, Journal of Political Economy. USA.

3. Blanchard, O. 2006. Macroeconomics. Milan, Italy: In mulino.

4. Carbaugh, Robert (2004). International Economics. Mexico: Thomson.

5. Keynes, JM (1997). General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.

6. Jones, RW 1967. The structure of simple general equilibrium models. In, journal political economy. USA.

7. Kissinger, Henry (1973). A World Restored. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.

8. Kolwalczyk, C. 1992. Paradoxes in integration theory. In, Open Economic Review. USA.

9. Krugman, 1996. Pop internationalism. In, the MIT Press. Cambridge Mass.

10. Krugman, Paul, Obstfeld, Maurice (2001). International Economics: theory and policy. UY-FCEA. Addison-Wesley publishers.

11. Landreth, H. and Colander, D. 2006. History of economic thought. Spain: Mc Graw Hill.

12. Lenin, VI (1987). Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Mexico: Ediciones Quinto Sol

13. Mankiw, G. 1998. Macroeconomics. Spain: Antoni Bosh.

14. Mundell, Robert (1968). International Economics. UY-FCEA. Editorial McMillan

15. Roll, E. 2003. History of economic doctrines. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.

16. Samuelson, Paul (1947). Basic economic analysis. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

17. Smith, Adam (2005). Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.

18. Stiglitz, Joseph (2003). The public sector economy. Spain: Antoni Bosch Editor. 19. C. Williamson 1985. Real trade theory in the context of international mobility of factors. In, Teaching work. Institute of Economics, Catholic University de Chile.

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